Copies of these ATIS publications can be found at the National Archives at College Park, the Australian National Archives, as well as other archival repositories. By the time the Allied bombers and PT boats finished their work on 3 March, Kimura had lost all eight transports and four of his eight destroyers. As a result, a system of thorough Screening, i.e., the rapid examination of documents and the extraction (partial translations) therefrom of the more important material only, was given added prominence. The inventory provided a complete listing of specific weapons, their condition and number in stock, storage locations, and place of manufacture. Between the mountain ridge and the lake was a narrow plain where the Japanese had built a number of airfields; three had been constructed by April 1944 and a fourth was under construction. U.S. Army Air Forces, Pacific Ocean Area (except the B-29s) were placed under Lieut. [1] All of the various organizations widely disseminated the information contained in the captured records. There was also a small airstrip.To the west, the Cyclops Mountains rise to over 7000 feet (2100 m). [37], The Allies conducted a deception operation to ensure that the Japanese continued to believe that they would land at Hansa Bay rather than Hollandia. They were special works, compiled for general reference purposes. This plan was eventually reversed in favor of a counterattack on U.S. forces around Aitape. [9] See Seventy Years Ago: The Makin Island Raid, August 1942., [10] The Armys Counter Intelligence Corps faced similar problems with souvenir hunters. [48][55], According to historian Stanley Kirby, the collapse of Japanese resistance was due to a lack of preparedness, changes in the command structure and a lack of combat troops; many of the 11,000 men based there were administrative and support units. It held what turned out to be a gold mine of valuable documents, including battle plans, codes and letters. [17] These troops were positioned along the Depapre Lake Sentani trail. The document having been translated immediately after capture on Biak, formed the basis of order-of-battle information for the task force attacking that island. All of these factors had to be taken into account in determining the lines of advance in 1944. Opposition on the ground at Hollandia was negligible and within four days the two divisions had secured inland Japanese airfields. [28][29] Secondary landings would take place Aitape, 125 miles to the east, at the same time as those around Hollandia. Combat boundaries were listed. Consequently, the volume of documents captured was very small, and was largely confined to those of a personal nature which individuals were apt to carry upon their persons. The terrain, however, proved more problematic. [57] Stephen R. Taaffe reached a similar conclusion. It was not just ATIS that was engaged in captured Japanese records operations. The Eastern Fleet's British and American aircraft carriers raided Sabang on 19 April. Except for some fairly heavy air raids, the Japanese reacted feebly to this penetration of their last defenses before the Philippines. The area was selected by the Second Area Army as a key base for the defense of western New Guinea in September 1943, though by November it had been decided that it would form an outpost to the main defensive positions which were located further to the west. They arrived off Hollandia during the night of 21/22 April and about 20 miles (32km) offshore, the convoy split again with the Central Attack Group preceding for Humboldt Bay while the Western Attack Group turned towards Tanahmerah Bay. In February 1944, marines and soldiers from the 27th Infantry Division captured important documents at Engebi Island. I Corps, became commander of the newly formed U.S. 8th Army. Japanese forces began to land on the island of Luzon in the Philippines on December 10. . Also that fall, in the vicinity of Myitkyina, CIC Combat Interrogation Team (CIT) No. [15] The only Allied response was a bombing raid of Lae and Salamaua by aircraft flying over the Owen Stanley Range from the carriers USSLexington and USSYorktown, leading the Japanese to reinforce these sites. The campaign was long and arduous, but by the end of 1944 the Japanese threat was contained in New Guinea. [30], The D'Entrecasteaux Islands lie directly off the northeast coast of the lower portion of the Papuan peninsula. Having been organized along lines completely unorthodox, these were invaluable documents to the G-2 Section, especially as this Force was a major enemy unit on the left flank near La Union, Luzon, at that time. The Allied victories in 1943 set the stage for the strategic advances of 1944, but they did not determine the exact lines of attack. For this, he ordered the air arm of Vice Admiral Jisaburo Ozawa's Third Fleet carriers to reinforce the Eleventh Air Fleet at Rabaul. Over 170 were published, including many extracts from diaries and notebooks. Japanese expansion in East Asia began in 1931 with the invasion of Manchuria and continued in 1937 with a brutal attack on China. The attack failed, and the Japanese were driven back toward Wewak. The Japanese invasion of the Dutch East Indies began on 10 January 1942, and the Imperial Japanese Army overran the entire colony in less than three months. Between November 1943 and March 1944 18 Squadron was ordered to prevent Japanese reinforcements reaching the north-east part of Papua and New Guinea. He had planned to move first to Hansa Bay, but with airfields operational in the Admiralty Islands, the Hansa Bay assault was deemed unnecessary. Japanese forces to the west were reconfigured to form a defense line through Biak and Manokwari,[62] while the Japanese 18th Army, still in defensive positions around Wewak, to the east, were faced with a long retreat west through the jungle having been ordered to bypass Hollandia and Aitape and reinforce the 2nd Army in western New Guinea. 1, List of Japanese Military Conventional Signs and Abbreviations (March 4, 1943); No. [26] Aircraft based at Port Moresby and Milne Bay fought to prevent the Japanese from basing aircraft at Buna, and attempted to prevent the Japanese reinforcement of the Buna area. The unit was in effect a miniature ATIS, with various sections, coordinating the production of translation and interrogation reports of immediate operation value. Often, they consisted of combined translations of several documents relating to the same subject, such as (No. [27] As the Japanese ground forces pressed toward Port Moresby, the Allied Air Forces struck supply points along the Kokoda Track. At midnight on 19-20 December 1941 the Japanese attacked the island of Timor. The umbrella term for the series of strategic actions taken by the Allies to reduce and capture the vast Japanese naval and air facilities at Rabaul was Operation Cartwheel. Coming from battle fields, crashed aircraft, graves, sunken ships and foxholes, many of them torn, defaced, water-soaked, soiled and charred, making them difficult or impossible to read. MacArthur's rollback began with the 16 November 1942 22 January 1943 Battle of Buna-Gona. The US Navy Submarine USS Crevalle (SS 291) was sent to recover the documents and cipher codes. For his action during the Biak operation, Jack Y. Cannon, the commanding officer of the 41st CIC Detachment received the Silver Star. [21], Although RAAF PBY Catalinas and Lockheed Hudsons were based at Port Moresby, because of the Japanese air attacks, long-range bombers like B-17s, B-25s, and B-26s could not be safely based there and were instead staged through from bases in Australia. [41] Through the afternoon of 1 March, the overcast weather held at which point everything began to go wrong for the Japanese. Capturing it would both neutralize the Allies' principal forward base and serve as a springboard for a possible invasion of Australia. [40], The 41st Division was to stage from Cape Cretin, while the 24th would depart from Goodenough Island. 67 (Japanese Warships and Merchant Vessels Sunk, Damaged or not Previously Listed); No. On November 5th, a map was captured in the Capoocan Area, Leyte, which presumable showed proposed operations, and was possibly connected with the Grand Offensive of mid-November. [47], As a result of the terrain difficulties, Tanahmerah Bay was quickly written off as a landing site; while the infantry already ashore pressed on to the Sentani plain the remainder of the 24th Division was diverted to Humboldt Bay, which had by this time been secured. In addition, at the request of the Assistant Chief of Staff, G-2 [Intelligence], USAFFE (US Army Forces in the Far East), an ATIS officer periodically delivered lectures on the importance and classification of Japanese documents to Army Counter Intelligence Corps (CIC) classes. A force of 800 Australian troops landed on 22 October on either side of the Japanese position. The U.S. 24th Division's 19th and 21st Regimental Combat Teams (RCTs) were to land at Tanahmerah Bay. Most regrettable!!' Consequently, Japanese efforts to develop the area were delayed throughout 1943 and 1944. [15], The port and airfields were the base for units of the Japanese 2nd Army (General Fusatar Teshima) and the 6th Air Division of the 4th Air Army. It made the term amphibious a household word throughout the English-speaking world. On 5 March, Imperial General Headquarters by Navy . He did successfully conduct the Western New Guinea campaign in 1944 which liberated much of Dutch New Guinea. [16] Only about 500 of the 11,000 personnel were ground combat troops, being drawn from several antiaircraft batteries. Miscellaneous identifications taken from documents captured in early November in the Pinamopoan Area, Leyte, gave the first indication of the Japanese 1st Divisions presence in this area. The Allies made good use of the information in the naval campaigns that followed. 99-108 (Japanese Place Names-Philippines). The weather changed direction and Kimura's slow-moving task force was spotted by an Allied scout plane. Engineers operating amphtracks pushed forward from Jautefa Bay to the lake to carry the infantry around the Japanese positions at the lake, completing their flanking maneuver on 25 April. Captured and sunken Japanese ships and boats also provided large quantities of documents, many of immediate value. The Australians held firm and began their counterdrive on 26 September. Hollandia was a port on the north coast of New Guinea, part of the Dutch East Indies, and was the only anchorage between Wewak to the east, and Geelvink Bay to the west. Once the war ended, Southeast Asia Command Field Security Sections were assigned to seize records that, among other things, could be used for the prosecution of war criminals. [39] This operation had no effect on the Japanese, as the air units were being held in reserve for a planned major attack on American naval forces in the Central Pacific. [23] The Australian and American anti-aircraft gunners of the Composite Anti-Aircraft Defences played a crucial part. Red 2 beach was found to be highly unsuitable and the promised roads were non-existent. The plane in which Koga was flying crashed at sea, with no survivors. In March 1943, a document was captured showing the submarine schedule between Lae, New Guinea, and New Britain. Reports were issued when sufficient information on any subject had been collated to warrant publication. In the spring of 1944, ATIS received a document which, after being translated, proved to be of exceptional value and probably considerably shortened the war. Advancing on Australia The Japanese effort at the start of World War Two was focused on conquest. Despite the disaster of the Bismarck Sea, the Japanese could not give up on recapturing Wau. 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