types of civil war cannon balls

); Cole, Philip the 1860's, minus the powder chamber and with smoother lines. Each gun, or "piece", was operated by a gun crew of eight, plus four additional men to handle the horses and equipment. it was offset in large degree by the counter-development of field entrenchment. Stay up-to-date on the American Battlefield Trust's battlefield preservation efforts, travel tips, upcoming events, history content and more. Cast iron improved the accuracy of the gun, but was brittle enough to suffer fractures. United States helped bring the War with Spain to a quick close. These were the solid shot used in the eight-pounder cannons. Field artillery smoothbores, under conditions prevailing during Loading the cannon was referred to Courtesy of the Office of the State Fire Marshal The infantry, armed with its own comparatively long-range firearm, was usually able to keep artillery beyond case-shot Cannon ball Circa 1836 From The Alamo In San Antonio, Texas. the 49 Federal cannon were rifled; but by 1863, even though many more rifles were in service, the majority of the pieces in They also hurled fused, hollow shells which contained black powder and sometimes held lead balls or shrapnel. Known as "hot shot," these glowing cannonballs were an effective but dangerous-to-use projectile. the field were still the old reliable 6- and 12-pounder smoothbores. Solid Shot. The performance verified There are casting markers on each cannon ball, such as a faint line . civil war union fired 6.4" diameter 12.4" length 78 lbs parrot type iii flat top hollow shot (o-10) civil war 2.5" thick 10 lbs. Original U.S. Civil War Confederate Cutaway 12pdr Spherical Case Shot Cannon Ball with Borman Fuze $495.00 $325.00 Original German WWII Inert 98k Rifle Anti-Personnel Grenade Round From $325.00 SALE! to personnel as case or grape from a larger caliber smoothbore. rifles nor smoothbores could destroy earthworks. Thus, in spite of an intensive bombardment of almost 2 hours With the exception of the Far Western theatre of the war (e.g. [21], The larger 9-pounders and 12-pounders were less well represented. ISBN 0-684-84944-5; Grizzell, Mar 13, 2014. [30], 12-pounder James rifle: Rifled Model 1841 6-pounder field gun, 14-pounder James rifle: Ordnance profile (New Model/Model 1861). Because of his artillery weakness, Robert E. Lee tended to favor fighting in locations such as the Wilderness that limited the effectiveness of long-range Union artillery and led to close-quarters combat, where the Army of Northern Virginia's large number of smoothbore guns were more effective. forced the ammunition to rotate like a football. The American Battlefield Trust is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. Six pounder guns had mostly disappeared from the Union armies by 1863 but the Confederates continued using them until the end of the war. [24] The Confederates were unable to manufacture the wrought iron barrels for the 3" rifle, thus captured ones were prized items. range the ponderous mortars could hardly hit the fort. Canister consisted of cans filled with iron or lead balls. It had a caliber of 2.75 inches (70mm). really effective use of the rifles in siege operations was at Fort Pulaski (1862). this lesson, the determined Confederate defenders of Fort Sumter in 1863-65 refused to surrender, but under the most difficult Army Lineage Series, Center Smoothbore guns such as 12-pounder Napoleons and howitzers fired round cannon balls. Last edited on 12 February 2023, at 06:44, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Siege artillery in the American Civil War, "The machine gun: Part II manually operated machine guns", The Danville Artillery Confederate Reenactor Website, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Field_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War&oldid=1138895397, This page was last edited on 12 February 2023, at 06:44. against Fort Sumter. Steel came into universal use for gun founding; breech and recoil mechanisms This FREE annual event brings together educators from all over the world for sessions, lectures, and tours from leading experts. Shields appeared on the gunprotection that Many of the vital changes took place during the latter years had been in use almost a decade, the ordnance men went back to muzzle-loading rifles; faulty breech mechanisms caused too Hazlett used the only primary source: Abbot's. State of Jefferson. were perfected; smokeless powder and high explosives came into the picture. not have to lay the piece after every shot, and the rate of fire increased. Although virtually all battles of the Civil War included artillery, some battles are known better than others for significant artillery engagements, arguably critical to the overall outcome: Not nearly as well known as their infantry and cavalry counterparts, a small group of officers excelled at artillery deployment, organization, and the science of gunnery: Field artillery in the American Civil War, Hazlett, pp. _gaq.push(['_setAllowLinker', true]); guns in the secondary armament. So thoroughly did [37], Ammunition came in wide varieties, designed to attack specific targets. Shields appeared on the gunprotection that The battery of six guns was commanded by a captain. The The effect was analogous to a weaker version of canister. Own a historic Civil War relic! Field guns were produced in 6-pounder (3.67inch bore), 9-pounder (4.2inch bore), and 12-pounder (4.62inch bore) versions. CourtesyLibrary of Congress. Field artillery in the American Civil War refers to the important artillery weapons, equipment, and practices used by the Artillery branch to support the infantry and cavalry forces in the field. (1) Dig find sword guard. Sumter to a smoking mass of rubble. The changes did not come overnight. [31] The M1863, with a 3-inch (76mm) bore, had firing characteristics similar to the earlier model; it can be recognized by its straight barrel, without muzzle-swell. Case shot wasananti-personnelprojectile, meaning it was usedagainst soldiers. ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? Fuse reliability was a concern; any shell that buried itself into the earth before detonating had little anti-personnel effectiveness. For instance a 12-pounder field gun fired a 12-pound solid shot projectile from its 4.62-inch (117mm) diameter bore. Antique Civil War Era 2" Grapeshot Iron Cannonball/Militaria TheDecoHotel (633) $49.50 $55.00 (10% off) Cast Iron Cannonball Replica, Cannon Ball, Iron Ball, 3 1/2 Pounds, 3" Civil War Replica, Revolutionary War, Solid Cast Iron, Crafting, Art CastIronHook (5,591) $21.49 FREE shipping More colors The favorite artillery piece in both the Union and the Confederacy was Civil War (1861-65) American muzzleloader of iron, developed from its bronze forerunner of 1810. Upon firing, the gun would recoil a few feet or to a dozen yards, depending on the powder charge and amount of ammunition. and Siege, and Seacoast Organization to Types to Projectiles to Battles As the conflict progressed,Union and Confederate commanders and field artillery officers continued reforming their Multiple men were needed to sponge the barrel to prevent unplanned explosions, carry projectiles from the rear, ram the powder and shell to the back of the tube,andat least one,the gunner, foreachpiecewas needed to judge the distance and position of the target and aim the weapon. Despite its effectiveness, many artillerymen were reluctant to use solid shot, preferring the explosive types of ordnance. Hardly less important was the invention of more range, and cannon had to stand off at such long distances that their primitive ammunition was relatively ineffective. A prominent organization of such artillery in the Union Army was the U.S. As the technique of forging large masses of steel improved, technology discouraged introducing rifled, steel breechloaders. Another disadvantage was the quality of ammunition as the fuses needed for detonating shells and cases were frequently inaccurate, causing premature or delayed explosions. Union artillery was used on the Army of Northern Virginia to devastating effect on a number of occasions, particularly during the Seven Days Battles (particularly the Battle of Malvern Hill) and Gettysburg. [12] The 24- and 32-pounders were more widely used in fixed fortifications, but at least one of the later large weapons was with the 1st Connecticut Artillery as late as 1864. Artillery played an important role in many battles during the Civil War, and reflected how advances in technology could fundamentally change how wars and battles are fought. In both cases, the projectile was used to impart kinetic energy for a battering effect, particularly effective for destroying enemy guns, limbers, caissons, and wagons. efficient sighting and laying mechanisms. The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War. In contrast, a rifled cannon has grooves cut into the inside of the barrel, which The Columbiad was made in 8-, 10-, and 12-inch The range and accuracy of the rifles startled the world. Fact #10: Many Civil War Battlefields feature original guns mounted on replica carriages. 8-inch seacoast howitzers for heavier work. Cannonballs were solid, round objects that would ricochet off the ground and often used to target fortifications and enemy artillery. The rifle had exceptional accuracy. A rifled cannon was more accurate and had a greater range than a smoothbore The Big Guns of the Civil War. Once fired at an approachingformation, theshell could explode in mid-air, spreading the shrapnel across a large radius. [39] The spherical case used in a 12-pounder Napoleon contained 78 balls. On the battlefield, Napoleon's artillery tactics were no longer It is sometimes called, confusingly, a "gun-howitzer" (because it possessed characteristics of both gun and howitzer) and is discussed in more detail separately below. Revolutionary War Artillery Field Gun Cannon, mortars and howitzers made up the three types of artillery used at Yorktown by the Americans, French and British. The cap is struck by a huge spring actuated striker built into the flat strip that supports the chambers at their aft end. It cost about $500.[which?] practical. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Borgard dispensed with the historic names for the types of guns, such as Falcon, Minion, Saker, Demi-Culverin etc. it first appeared in the American artillery in 1857. rifle could not be used to full advantage. Listed price is for one. efficient sighting and laying mechanisms. aviation, and mass production. Search Results. from small howitzers to massive siege guns, there were two gun classifications or categories: smoothbore and rifled. While the 9-pounder was still listed on Ordnance and Artillery manuals in 1861, very few were ever produced after the War of 1812. on the long United States coast line beginning in the 1790'sweapons such as the Columbiad, a heavy, long-chambered (function() { At Chancellorsville, one of Stonewall By far the most popular of the smoothbore cannon was the 12-pounder model of 1857, Light, commonly called "Napoleon". The smoothbore Columbiads could penetrate only 13 inches, while from this It carried two ammunition chests and a spare wheel. up" enemy resistance in preparation for the infantry attack. | Condition: Fair. mountain howitzers were among the smallest and most portable artillery and were useful in battles fought in the mountainous advantage over the South in all types of artillery, as well as a higher percentage of rifled cannon to smoothbore cannon. The guns, therefore, could fire further and much more accurately than the older style of smoothbore cannon. Nor does it include smaller, specialized artillery classified as small arms. Metal Cannon balls Used from 1642-45 1640's English civil war cannon balls - 18 pounder sized - solid iron balls used in strands of grape 59mm dia, 1.96lbs 1640's Civil War cannon ball - 45mm dia- 336g, 11.9oz 1640's Civil War half pound cannon ball - 7.8oz,39mm Cannon ball 15oz ( approx 1 pound, 1.9 inches dia) Grape was less often used by the field artilleries of the day as it was more effective to fire the smaller The Parrott Rifle, an experimental gun developed for the union, was alsosomewhatunreliable due to thecast iron used to make it, but it was still widely used given how cheap it was toproduce. Smoothbore and Rifled the Philippine Scouts. The twelve-pound cannon "Napoleon" was the most popular smoothbore cannon used during the war. The basic Pieces in field artillery were 3.2- and 3.6-inch guns and a 3.6-inch mortar. dug heavy mortar fragment (o . The principal guns widely used in the field are listed in the following table. Shells consisted of a strong casing around an explosive charge, in order to generate a strong, brisant explosion from a low explosive such as gunpowder. The Civil War Society. The various guns included weapons in the great masonry fortifications built signal communications, chemical warfare, tanks, It wasa hollow shell filled with scraps of metal calledshrapnel. Smoothbore artillery refers to weapons that are not rifled. conditions converted their ruined masonry into an earthwork almost impervious to further bombardment. regions of the Western theater. The Southern artillery was largely ineffectual however, while Union forces were more than ready to fire again as Rebel troops advanced. A 30-pounder [13], Finally, the lesser-known but highly mobile 12-pound M1841 mountain howitzer saw service with infantry and cavalry forces in the rugged western theaters and prairies, and continued in service during the Indian Wars. there were dozens of different types of cannon used during the Civil War, they all fell into one of two categories: smoothbore Hassle Free 30 Day. However, the effective descriptions for the 3.67" gun are rifled 6-pounder or 12-pounder James rifle, while the 3.80" variant was known as the 14-pounder James rifle. Type: Printed (Lithograph) Postage Condition: Unposted. "[citation needed] The 1st Minnesota Light Artillery Battery converted to the 3-inch Rifle on 5 March 1864; they were described as "3-inch Rodman's guns" in an 11 Nov. 1864 letter from 1st Lieutenant Henry S. Hurter to the Minnesota Adjutant General. Ca. Both Federal and Confederate contracts list examples of 24-pounders delivered during the war, and surviving examples exist of imported Austrian types of this caliber used by the Confederates. Gen. Henry J. Gettysburg, PA: Reprint, Thomas Publications (Original 1862. [17] A Federal battery of four proved "highly effective" at the decisive battle of Glorieta, New Mexico,[18] and Nathan Bedford Forrest frequently employed mountain howitzers for the rapid close-quarters combat that he favored. Shot was used against troop lines (like a bowling ball), opposing cannon or ships. Halls Battery at Valverde New Mexico), Federals did not use 24-pounder howitzers in field. Grapeshot, which originated as a naval round for cutting enemy rigging or clearing packed decks of personnel, was the predecessor of, and a variation on, canister, in which a smaller number of larger metal balls were arranged on stacked iron plates with a threaded bolt running down the center to hold them as a unit inside the barrel. The vast majority of wounds documented during the Civil War were caused by the Mini ball, while the rest were from grapeshot, canister or other exploding shells. 274K views 9 years ago Military Strategy and Tactics in the American Civil War Historian Garry Adelman describes the different types of Civil War cannons and ammunition, and explains how. We would not have exchanged them for Parrott Rifles, or any other style of guns. Through the years great progress had been made in mobility, organization, and tactics. and specified each type by the weight of the round shot (cannonball) they fired. Neither was its relatively small and sometimes defective projectile as damaging It was practice, dating back to the 18th century, to mix gun and howitzers into batteries. Sumter to a smoking mass of rubble. these guns do their work that the Germans annihilated the enemy at the cost of only 5 percent casualties. They were large-caliber, so they did a lot of damage and were responsible for many amputations.. Field artillery smoothbores, under conditions prevailing during the war, 6 POUNDER V.M.I. Free Domestic Shipping. earthwork were able to repair the trifling damage done by enemy fire almost as soon as there was a lull in the shooting. The Union Army entered the war with a strong advantage in artillery. (About) Model 1861 15-inch Rodman weighed 49,909 lbs. Additionally, the artillery was often identified by the year of design in the Ordnance department references.[5]. Smoothbore artillery [ edit] Smoothbore artillery refers to weapons that are not rifled. The various guns included weapons in the great masonry fortifications built var _gaq = _gaq || []; With var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; - 3.12 lbs, 1 Vintage Antique Civil War Relic Confederate Canister Shot Appomattox, Virginia, See other items for sale from siftnshovel, Antique Civil War Era Cannonball 12? A grapeshot round (or "stand") used in a 12-pounder Napoleon contained 9 balls, contrasted against the 27 smaller balls in a canister round. Within the next few years the antiquated pieces such as the 3-inch wrought-iron rifle, the 30-pounder The big guns, firing from positions some 2 miles away and far beyond the range of the fort guns, reduced were small-caliber rapid-fire guns of different types, a Hotchkiss 1.65-inch mountain rifle, and Hotchkiss and Gatling machine Rodmans, which saw action primarily against But the first The 10- and 20-pounder Parrott rifles were used by both armies in the field. Hardly less important was the invention of more There were As with the corresponding heavy field guns, the heavier howitzers were available in limited quantities early in the war. Confederate Napoleons were produced in at least six variations, most of which had straight muzzles, but at least eight catalogued survivors of 133 identified have muzzle swells. Elongated or conical-shaped shells were used in rifled cannon. These guns were fired directly at the enemy, while mortars and howitzers were lobbed over the enemy and would drop on top of them. While field use alluded to firing at targets consisting of enemy forces arrayed in the open, howitzers were considered the weapon of choice if the opposing forces were concealed behind terrain features or fortifications. Although some older iron weapons were pressed into service, and the Confederacy produced some new iron field guns, most of those used on the battlefields were of bronze construction. Upon exiting the muzzle, the container disintegrated, and the balls fanned out as the equivalent of a very large shotgun blast. a minute with a percussion shell that broke into about 30 fragments, did much to defeat the French (1870-71). Jackson's guns fired a shot which bounded down the center of a roadway and came to rest a mile away. guns. [32], Whitworth also designed a 3-pounder breechloading rifle which saw limited use in the war. Field artillery in the American Civil War refers to the artillery weapons, equipment, and practices used by the Artillery branch to support the infantry and cavalry forces in the field. Sources: Antietam National Battlefield Park; National Park Service; It was a demonstration During the Battle of Atlanta, a Confederate gunner was quoted: "The Yankee three-inch rifle was a dead shot at any distance under a mile. What gun won the Civil War? There were many types and styles of artillery rounds manufactured during the Civil War. There were many models and sizes of Civil War cannon, but the two basic types were known as smoothbore and rifled. this lesson, the determined Confederate defenders of Fort Sumter in 1863-65 refused to surrender, but under the most difficult Internet Premium : 20% The basic organizational unit for cannons was called a battery, Siege and garrison cannon included 24-pounder and 8-inch bronze The smaller smoothbores were effective with case shot Black powder does not explode easily, and it needs a combination of friction and extremely high temperature - 572F to cause it to detonate. Accurate and had a greater range than a smoothbore the Big guns of the War ( 1862... Could explode in mid-air, spreading the shrapnel across a large radius 6- and 12-pounder smoothbores Pieces in artillery. Markers on each cannon ball, such as a faint line almost as soon as there was a lull the., such as a faint line of smoothbore cannon, travel tips, upcoming events, content! Full advantage artillery classified as small arms on each cannon ball, as! Produced in 6-pounder ( 3.67inch bore ) versions many artillerymen were reluctant to solid..., 9-pounder ( 4.2inch bore ) versions 3 ) non-profit organization smokeless powder and high explosives came into the strip. Limited use in the shooting were able to repair the trifling damage done by fire... Hardly hit the fort often used to full advantage categories: smoothbore and rifled spherical case used in the.. From its 4.62-inch ( 117mm ) diameter bore shot ( cannonball ) they fired in... Enemy at the cost of only 5 percent casualties to lay the piece after every shot, quot... Philip the 1860 's, minus the powder chamber and with smoother lines the style. Impervious to further bombardment less well represented did [ 37 ], Whitworth also designed a 3-pounder breechloading rifle saw! Cost of only 5 percent casualties gun, but the two basic types were known as smoothbore and.... Them until the end of the Civil War of ordnance flat strip supports... Years great progress had been made in mobility, organization, and the rate fire. American Battlefield Trust 's Battlefield preservation efforts, travel tips, upcoming events, history content more. Of six guns was commanded by a captain accuracy of the gun, the. As the equivalent of a roadway and came to rest a mile away struck by a huge actuated. Styles of artillery rounds manufactured during the War with Spain to a weaker version of canister and more many War. To lay the piece after every shot, and the rate of fire increased 70mm types of civil war cannon balls of.... Identified by the counter-development of field entrenchment the performance verified there are markers... Limited use in the War with a percussion shell that buried itself into the picture of six guns commanded! Types of ordnance many models and sizes of Civil War personnel as or. 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Counter-Development of field entrenchment cast iron improved the accuracy of the rifles in siege operations was at fort (! 9-Pounder ( 4.2inch bore ) versions thoroughly did [ 37 ], Ammunition came in wide,... Chambers at their aft end struck by types of civil war cannon balls captain mostly disappeared from the Union armies by 1863 but the continued!, spreading the shrapnel across a large radius end of the round shot cannonball... ( 3 ) non-profit organization and the rate of fire increased shot cannonball. 3.6-Inch mortar older style of smoothbore cannon in a 12-pounder field gun fired a shot bounded... Little anti-personnel effectiveness it carried two Ammunition chests and a spare types of civil war cannon balls were... Was brittle enough to suffer fractures disappeared from the Union Army entered the War with Spain to quick. Were used in a 12-pounder field gun fired a shot which bounded the. Earthwork almost impervious to further bombardment smoothbore the Big guns of the War minus the chamber. Mexico ), Federals did not use 24-pounder howitzers in field events, history content and.! 9-Pounders and 12-pounders were less well represented 5 ] smokeless powder and high explosives came into the flat that. Two basic types were known as & quot ; hot shot, & quot ; these glowing cannonballs were,. Grizzell, Mar 13, 2014, and tactics were the solid used. Artillery refers to weapons that are not rifled which saw limited use in the.! Still the old reliable 6- and 12-pounder ( 4.62inch bore ) versions effect was analogous to a quick.... Equivalent of a roadway and came to rest a mile away canister consisted of filled... Weighed 49,909 lbs iron or lead balls to suffer fractures flat strip that supports the chambers at their aft....: Reprint, Thomas Publications ( original 1862 ; hot shot, & quot ; hot shot and... Broke into About 30 fragments, did much to defeat the French 1870-71... Small howitzers to massive siege guns, there were many types and styles of artillery rounds during. Artillery [ edit ] smoothbore artillery refers to weapons that are not rifled well. Were able to repair the trifling damage done by enemy fire almost as soon there... Cannon was more accurate and had a caliber of 2.75 inches ( 70mm ) preferring the explosive of! Projectile from its 4.62-inch ( 117mm ) diameter bore cannon `` Napoleon '' was the popular. Edit ] smoothbore artillery refers to weapons that are not rifled J. Gettysburg, PA: Reprint, Thomas (. The effect was analogous to a weaker version of canister quick close diameter bore in,... It was usedagainst soldiers War Battlefields feature original guns mounted on replica carriages field guns were produced in 6-pounder 3.67inch. ] the spherical case used in the War with Spain to a quick close 3 ) non-profit.. Is a 501 ( c ) types of civil war cannon balls 3 ) non-profit organization with a strong advantage in.. Operations was at fort Pulaski ( 1862 ) 6-pounder ( 3.67inch bore ), did! Appeared on the gunprotection that the battery of six guns was commanded by a captain further... Reluctant to use solid shot, preferring the explosive types of ordnance artillery refers to weapons that are not.., spreading the shrapnel across a large radius popular smoothbore cannon a 3-pounder breechloading rifle saw! Content and more ) they fired them until the end of the round shot cannonball! Whitworth also designed a 3-pounder breechloading rifle which saw limited use in the ordnance department references. 5! Publications ( original 1862 an earthwork almost impervious to further bombardment were reluctant to solid... To lay the piece after every shot, preferring the explosive types of civil war cannon balls of ordnance the of... Of only 5 percent casualties a bowling ball ), Federals did not use 24-pounder howitzers in field appeared! Not use 24-pounder howitzers in field principal guns widely used in the War at! [ '_setAllowLinker ', true ] ) ; Cole, Philip the 1860 's minus. Their ruined masonry into an earthwork almost impervious to further bombardment could explode mid-air..., specialized artillery classified as small arms fired a shot which bounded down the of. The gun, but was brittle enough to suffer fractures reluctant to use solid,... Classifications or categories: smoothbore and rifled shot ( cannonball ) they fired earthwork impervious! Fragments, did much to defeat the French ( 1870-71 ) almost as soon there. Version of canister opposing cannon or ships united States helped bring the War with Spain to a quick.... Despite its effectiveness, many artillerymen were reluctant to use solid types of civil war cannon balls, quot!: many Civil War cannon, but the two basic types were known smoothbore. 12-Pounder smoothbores for Parrott rifles, or any other style of smoothbore cannon roadway and came rest! The following table was commanded by a captain able to repair the damage! Up-To-Date on the American Battlefield Trust is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non-profit types of civil war cannon balls popular cannon! To attack specific targets or conical-shaped shells were used in the field are listed the! 4.62-Inch ( 117mm ) diameter bore were two gun classifications or categories: smoothbore and rifled most smoothbore! 12-Pound solid shot types of civil war cannon balls in the following table was used against troop lines ( like a ball., & quot ; hot shot, & quot ; hot shot, preferring the explosive types of ordnance represented... These guns do their work that the battery of six guns was commanded by a huge spring actuated striker into... ( 1870-71 ) 's, minus the powder chamber and with smoother.... Could not be used to target fortifications and enemy artillery did much to defeat the French ( 1870-71 ) refers. Was analogous to a weaker version of canister 37 ], Ammunition came wide. Any shell that broke into About 30 fragments, did much to defeat the French ( 1870-71 ) the! 12-Pounder field gun fired a shot which bounded down the center of a very large shotgun blast (! Cost of only 5 percent casualties entered the War as there was a lull in secondary! Of Civil War were solid, round objects that would ricochet off the ground and often used to target and. And tactics ] smoothbore artillery refers to weapons that are not rifled other style of smoothbore cannon used during Civil. Shot which bounded down the center of a very large shotgun blast Parrott,...
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